Batswana Fathers’ Expressive Roles and Provision of Nurturance to their Preschool Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v9i9.1975Keywords:
Early childhood care and education, expressive role, an engaged father, pre-school education, nurturance.Abstract
This paper focuses on the expressive roles played by fathers in Botswana in the early childhood years and the challenges they experience in executing care. The study was carried out in the Central Region of Botswana. Ten preschools were randomly selected. Using the maximum variation/heterogeneous purposive sampling technique and simple random sampling technique, 40 fathers and 20 mothers were selected as sample. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze quantitative data; qualitative data was categorised using codes and themes and analyzed descriptively. The findings revealed that fathers lag behind in executing the expressive roles in Botswana; factors, such as residential proximity, parental relationship, and societal culture, influenced fathers’ involvement; fathers involvement in their childrens’ lives influence their development and performance at preschool; recommended that both fathers and mothers need to be sensitized about the importance of executing fathers’ expressive roles, through workshops and training.
References
Behson, S., Holmes, E. K., Hill, E. J., & Robbins, N. L. (2018). Fatherhood, work, and family
across the globe: A review and research agenda. The Cambridge handbook of the
global work–family interface p. 614–628 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108235556.033.
Berlyn, C., Wise, S., & Soriano, G.C. (2008). Engaging Fathers in Child and Family Services: Participation, perceptions and Good Practice. Family Matters, 80, 37-42, Doi 482140485500214.
Best, J. W., & Kahn, J.V. (2016). Research in Education. New Delhi: Pearson Education.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). A successful qualitative research. A practical guide for
beginners. A qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2012). The Bioecoloigical Model of Human Development. Theorectical models of human development (5 ed.) (p793-828). New York: Wiley.
Buchanan, A. & Flouri, E. (2010). They’ve Always Been There for Me’: Grandparental Involvement and Child Well‐Being. Children and Society, 24, p200-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00215.
Carlson, M., & Magnuson, K.A. (2011). Low-Income Fathers’ Influence on Children. The ANNALS of the American academy of political and social science, 1, 95-116.
Ceka, A., & Murati, R. (2016). The role of parents in the education of children . Journal of Education and Practice, 5. p61-64.
Chopra, N. (2012). International Journal Of Early Years Education. A study of Early Childhood Education Programmes in Delhi, India., 20 (2),159-174.
Clowes, L., Ratele, K., & Shefer, T. (2013). Who needs a father? South African men reflect on being fathered. Jornal of Gender Studies, 22:3, 255-267/Doi: 10.1080/09589236.2012.708823.
Creswell, J. W. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). California: Sage.
Durand, T.M. (2011) Latina Mothers’ Cultural Beliefs About Their Children, Parental Roles, and Education: Implications for Effective and Empowering Home-School Partnerships.
Urban Rev 43, 255–278 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-010-0167-5
Easterbrooks, M. A.& Goldberg, W. A. (2009). Toddler Development in the Family: Impact of
Father Involvement and Parenting Characteristics. Child Development, 55(3), 740-752.
DOI: 10.2307/1130126.
Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2012). Overview of qualitative research. Educational
research: Competencies for analysis and applications.
Goodall, J. (2013). Parental Engagement to support Children's Learning: A Six Point Model.
London: Taylor & Francis.
Gottman, J., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (2012). Emotion-Related Parenting Styles (ERPS): A Short Form for Measuring Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy. Early Education Development, 1; 36(2): 81–106.
Gross, G. (2014). The-important-roles-of dads. Retrieved from The-important-roles-of dads: https//www.hiffingtonpost.com/dr-gail-gross/the-important-roles-of dads.
Hofferth, S., & Lee, Y. (2015). Family structure and trends in US fathers’ time with children.
Family Science, 6:1, 318-329, DOI: 10.1080/19424620.2015.1082805
Ishi-Kuntz, M. K. (2013). Japanese Fathers of Preschoolers and Their Involvment in Child Care. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, No 3.
Ito, Y. &.Izumi-Taylor, S. (2013). A comparative Study of Fathers Thoughts about Fatherhood
in the USA and Japan. Early Childhood Development and Care, 183(11), 1689-1704.
Doi: 10.1080/03004430.2012.746969.
Jones, T.L., Baxter, M.A.J., & Khanduja, V. (2103). A quick guide to survey research.
, p5-7.
Kothari, C. (2010). Research Methods.Methodology and techniques. New Delhi: New Age
International Publishers.
La Paro, K. R. (2010). The Classroom Assessment Scoring System:Findings from Prekindergarten Year. The elementary school journal, 104, 409-426.
Lamb, M. E. (2010). The Role of The Father in Child Development. New York: Wiley.
Locke, T. A. (2013). Ethical issues in collaborative action research. Educational Action Research,, 21, 107-123, DOI: 10.1080/09650792.2013.763448 .
McRae, A. D., & Weijer, C. (2011). When is informed consent required in cluster randomized trials in health research? https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-202 .
McWayne, C. M., Downer, J.T., Campos, R., & Harris, R.D. (2013). Father Involvement During Early Childhood and Its Association with Children's Early Learning: A Meta-Analysis. Early Education and Development , 24, 898- Doi: 10.1080/ 1040922289.2013.746932.
Maundeni, T. & Nnyepi, M. (2012). Reflections on children in Botswana.Thari ya bana.
Gaborone: UNICEF.
Menon, A. (2013). Barriers to Parental Involvement in Early Childhood Education Classrooms
in Mumbai Slums as Perceived by Parents. Literacy Information and Computer
Education Journal, Vol, 2, (2)
Milkie, M. A. & Cathleen, E.D. (2012). Changes in the Cultural Model Father Involvement: Desciptions of benefits of fathers, children and mothers in parents'magazine 1926-2006. Journal of Family Issues, p223-253. Retrieved from Http://doi .org//10.1177/0192513X12462566.
Morgan, P., Lubans, D., Callister, R. et al. (2011). The ‘Healthy Dads, Healthy Kids’
Randomized controlled trial: Efficacy of a healthy lifestyle program for overweight
fathers and their children. 35, 436–447 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.151.
Musick, K., & Meier, A. (2010). Are both parents always better than one? Parental conflict and young adult well-being. Social Science Research, Vol, 39, 814-830.
Nepomnyaschy, L., & Garfinkel, I. (2010). Child Support Enforcement and Fathers’
Contributions to Their Nonmarital Children. Social Service Review. 84(3): 341-380.
https://doi.org/10.1086/655392.
Nord, C. B, Brimhall, D., & West, J. (2017). Fathers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Schools.
Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Opondo, C., Redshaw, M., & Savage, M.E. (2016). Father involvement in early child-rearing and behavioural outcomes in their pre-adolescent children: evidence from the ALSPAC UK birth cohort. BMJ Open, 6, 156-159 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012034.
Palkovitz, R. (2014). Involved Fathering and Men’s Adult Development: Provisional Balances.
New York: Psychology Press.
Palm, G. & Fagan, J. (2015). Father Involvement in Early Childhood Programs: Review of The Literature. Early chhildhood Development and Care, 178, 745-759. Doi: 10.1080/03004430802352137.
Petts, R. J., & Knoester, C. (2018). Paternity leave Taking and Father Engagement. Journal of Marriage and Family. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12494.
Pleck, E. H. (2010). Fatherhood Ideas in The United States: Historical Dimensions. New York: Wiley.
Prior, J. & Gerald, M.R. (2009). Family involvement in early childhood education. Research into practice. New York: Thompson.
Ratele, K., Shefer, T., & Clowes, L. (2012). Talking South African Fathers: A Critical
Examination of Men’s Constructions and Experiences of Fatherhood and
Fatherlessness. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(4), 553–563.
https://doi.org/10.1177/008124631204200409
Republic of Botswana. ( 1993). Report on the National Commission on Education -. Gaborone: Government Printers.
Republic of Botswana. ( 2015). Education & Training Sector Strategic Plan. Gaborone: Government Printers.
Richter, L. C. & Morrell, R. (2015). BABA: men and fatherhood in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Saraff, A. & Stivastava, H.C. (2008). Envisioning Fatherhood: Indian Fathers’ Perceptions. Population Review, 5, p45-59.
Sriram, R. N. (2012). Who is an 'Ideal' Father? Father, Mother and Childrens' Views. Psychology Developing Societies , 24, 205–23.DOI: 10.1177/097133361202400206
Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Mgutshini, T., & Nkosi, Z. Z. (2012). Where is my Daddy? An
Exploration of the Impact of Absentee Fathers on the Lives of Young People in
Botswana. Africa Development, 37(3), 115 – 126.
Volke, J. (2014). Paternal Involvement: A Review of the Factors Influencing Father Involvement and outcomes. Journal of Student Scholarship, Vol xvi.
Yogman, W. & Garfield, C. F. (2016). Fathers Role in the Care and Developmetn of their Children. The Role of Pediatricians. American Academy of Pediatrics, Doi: 10.1542/peds.2016- 1128.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
